Coming out of literary criticism at Yale, I have been largely influenced by the ramifications of the notion of “social constructionism” that came out of 1960’s post-structuralist theory, particularly Barthes' conceit of "myth", whereupon an arbitrary pattern of signification becomes naturalized, imbued with a patina of inevitability, and becomes emptied of the specifics of its historical subjectivity so as to be implanted with a false meaning. Emerging out of the breathtaking deceptions and wholesale carnage of fascism and Nazi-ism from World War II, poststructuralist theorists in France coming up in the 60’s and 70’s such as Derrida, Foucault, Barthes, and Kristeva nihilistically overturned foundational precepts of Western epistemology such as the infallibility of “reason” or “rationality,” a timeless, universal, self-evident “truth,” the existence of “objective knowledge,” and an unproblematic coherent “self” at the core of human experience. Translated into visual art, this poststructuralist turn meant the de-skilling of art, a shift from close-ended monolithic “works” to work as open-ended text, and a reversal of the notion that the meaning of an artwork lies in a pre-existing transcendent "essence", to, instead, being constructed by the material, social and political discourses surrounding the viewer's perception, interpretation, and reception of the work.
DIAGRAM: The above chart I have drawn diagrams the dissolution of representation within Western art, showing how Western art increasingly abandoned the depiction of “things,” became abstract, then became about the materiality of the medium itself and finally about a kinetic awareness of the space in which the art was placed and its relationship to the viewer, as well as the conditions of its institutional staging. Stage 1 pictures of “things:” Western art governed by Renaissance perspective (Alberti), resemblance, spatial and pictorial illusionism, smooth finish of the Salon painting, painting claiming to be a transparent window to the world (1400-1800’s). Stage 2 modernism: painting begins to call attention to its means of representation with broken brushwork (Cezanne, Manet), painting ‘admits’ its subjectivity, no longer claiming to be a transparent window to the world, innovative relation to form, rejection of naturalism or illusionism (i.e. Cubism) (1800’s-first half of 1900’s). Stage 3 “pure painting:” coined by Clement Greenberg, painting no longer refers to things outside of itself and is not trying to represent things in the outside world; painting distilled to its essence (“zero condition of painting”), medium specificity and flatness not depth. Stage 4 minimalism: rejects modernist idea of autonomous art object, situates art object in a time and space in relation to viewer, and marks a shift from ocular to bodily/tactile mode of apprehending art object (Serra, Judd, Morris). Minimalism is the portal, the catalyst, the turning point, or the “breakthrough” that makes possible even conceptualizing the basis for subsequent art, laying the foundation for the heydey of the 1960’s/70's avante garde: site-specific art, performance art, institutional critique, body art.
Andrea Liu is a New York/Paris/Berlin-based visual art and performance critic (and visual artist). She has been the recipient of art fellowship awards from Zurich University of the Arts, Jarislowsky Outstanding Artist Award at Banff Centre, Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Center for Experimental Museology and she was awarded over 8 artist residencies in U.S., Berlin, Copenhagen, Barcelona, Prague, Italy, including Atlantic Center for the Arts, Art & Law Program, Ox-Bow/Art Institute of Chicago, Centrale Fies Liveworks Performance Act Award Vol. 4, Jacob's Pillow and was Core Participant in New Museum's Nightschool (organized by Anton Vidokle). She has written for Afterimage, Art Margins, New Museum Six Degrees, Social Text, e-flux (AUP), Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture, Movement Research Journal, and has book chapter contributions to IN Works 931-14209 (Edition Fink, 2014), Deste Prize: An Anniversary Exhibition 1999-2015 (Deste Foundation, 2017), GenderFail: An Anthology on Failure (GenderFail Publications, 2018), The Ooze (Aditya Mandayam) (Kunstverein Munich Companion Series, 2019). She performed at Rib Art Space (Rotterdam). S.A.L.E Docks, Dixon Place, HTMlles Feminist Festival of Media Arts & Digital Culture, Artists Space (Movement Research Dance Improvisation Festival), Wendy's Subway. She received her undergraduate education from Yale University and thereafter was Visiting Scholar at Centre Parisien D'Etudes Critiques. Email: andie244(at)hotmail.com
